computer history

A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY

The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.
He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.

Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of
time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.

First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system.

Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.

Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.

As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new development as time passes.

computer hardware

hardware

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CPU BOARD

Computer hardware (usually simply called hardware when a computing context is implicit) is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, mouse,keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, and so on, all of which are physical objects that aretangible.^[1] In contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.

Software is any set of machine-readable instructions that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.

computer system software

What is System Software?

System software sits directly on top of your computer'shardware components (also referred to as its bare metal). It includes the range of software you would install to your system that enables it to function. This includesthe operating system, drivers for your hardware devices, linkers and debuggers. Systems software can also be used for managing computer resources. Systems software is designed to be used by the computer system itself, not human users.

Application Software Defined

Unlike systems software,applications software is designed to be used by end-users. Applications software, in essence, sits on top of system software, as it is unable to run without the operating system and other utilities. Applications software includes things like database programs, word processors and spreadsheets, e-mail applications, computer games, graphics programs and such. Generally, people will refer to applications software as software.

history of the camera

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CAMERA

The word camera comes from the Latin word camera obscura, which means literally means " Dark chamber". The principle is that when light enters through a tiny hole on one side of a dark box or room, was initially used by artists to make more accurate renderings of their subjects. With the passing of time, efforts were made to make that image permanent , initially  on bitumen-coated pewter plates . These plates were sensitive to light , but not as sensitive as today's film( or sensor). Camera obscura was a forerunner of the modern camera.

During the 1800's, photography was costly and complicated. It was not until late 1888, whrn George Eastman invented the Kodak, thst cameras became easy-to-use and portable, much as wr know it today. Instead of a plate , the kodak contains a roll of flexible film and when used it had to be processed into negatives , and then devrloped into pictures.

Today, digital cameras are rapidly replacing film cameras, and you may be one of the millions of people who own one and enjoy taking pictures. Instead of film , digital cameras use electronic sensors, such as CCD or CMOS . Altough it has been almost two centuries since the camera was first presented to the public , people are still being amazed by the dark chamber—and the smiles it bring.

history of adobe® photoshop®

HISTORY OF ADOBE PHOTOSHOP

The year was 1987. Thomas Knoll was writing a thesis about processing in Ann Arbor , Michigan, USA and was dismayed that his computer could not display the grayscale levels of his images. Being able to write computer programs he wrote a code that would do the job. He called the program that he created DISPLAY.

Thimas Knoll and his brother , John Knoll 

Thomas brother John was so impressed by the program that he convinced his brother to make the software commercially available. At that time, John was working at ILM(Industrial Light and Magic) , a company spacializing in special effects for movies.

In the following months they worked together on the program and the result was an image editing software application they calledimagePro. Unfortunately , most companies at that time were not interested in the program or were developing their own, except for one ,BarneyScan.Barney scan allowed the program, at that time renamed PHOTOSHOP ,to be bundled with their scanners. A total of about 200 copies of photoshop were shipped this way, according to Jeff Schewe in his artivle PHOTOSHOP: a decade of image-editing excellence.

In September 1988 Adobe system purchased the license to distribuye photoshop and, after some major improvements , it was offitially released in February 1990 as photoshop 1.0. The program continued to adopt the version number to its name until photoshop 7. For version 8 Adobe renamed it as Photoshop Creative Suite (CS). So Adobe® Photoshop® CS4 is the 11th major release of Photoshop.

Adobe® Photoshop®

WHAT IS ADOBE ®PHOTOSHOP®?

→Adobe® Photoshop® is an image-editing software developed and published by Adobe Systems Incorporated.It can enhance and even manipulate images to get your desired output. You can also crop or resize an images, or even save a document in different file types. 

With Adobe Photoshop, the posibilities of what you can do with your images are birtually endless. 

Adobe Photoshop CS4 Workspace

→The Adobr Photoshop CS4 workspace is arranged in such a way that you csn focus on creating and editing your document with the tools arranged around your workspace or image. The workspace include tools, menus, and panels for editing , correcting , or adding effects to your image

internet services and their meanings

Internet Services

→ELECTRONIC MAIL- or email, is the worldwide system of sending and receiving mail in electronic format.

→INTERNET RELAY CHAT- enables you to talk to or chat to individuals or groups of people, usually using aliases or screen names to send typed messages some can even allow audio conversation with one another in realtime across the globe.

→TELNET- is a remote login application that permits your computer to log on to another computer and access it as if you were actually there.

→GOPHER- is an early text-based method for accessing documents on the internet.

→WORLD WIDE WEB- often abbreviated as "the web or WWW" it is system of linking documents together even if they are one different computers and located in different countries. It incorporated all the services listed above , and includes the ability of viewing videos , or listening to sound recording.

→The INTERNET or simply the NET is a network of computers linked together around the world.